devices.xylo.syns61201.AFESim

class devices.xylo.syns61201.AFESim(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: rockpool.nn.modules.module.Module

A Module that simulates analog hardware for preprocessing audio

This module simulates the Xylo audio front-end stage. This is a signal-to-event core that provides a number of band-pass filters, followed by rectifying event production simulating a spiking LIF neuron. The event rate in each channel is roughly correlated to the energy in each filter band.

Notes

• The AFE contains frequency tripling internally. For accurate simulation, the sampling frequency must be at least 6 times higher than the highest frequency component in the filtering chain. This would be the centre frequency of the highest filter, plus half the BW of that signal. To prevent signal aliasing, you should apply a low-pass filter to restrict the bandwidth of the input, to ensure you don’t exceed this target highest frequency.

• Input to the module is in Volts. Input amplitude should be scaled to a maximum of 112mV RMS.

See also

For example usage of the AFE Module, see Using the analog frontend model

Attributes overview

class_name	Class name of self
dt	Simulation time-step in seconds
full_name	The full name of this module (class plus module name)
name	The name of this module, or an empty string if None
shape	The shape of this module
size	(DEPRECATED) The output size of this module
size_in	The input size of this module
size_out	The output size of this module
spiking_input	If True, this module receives spiking input.
spiking_output	If True, this module sends spiking output.
INPUT_AMP_MAX	Maximum input amplitude from the microphone in Volts (Default 320mV)
C_IAF	Integrator Capacitance for IAF (Default 5e-12)
Q	Quality parameter for band-pass filters
FC1	Centre frequnecy of first filter, in Hz.
Fs	Sample frequency of input data
f_factor	Centre-frequency scale-up factor per channel.
ORDER_BPF	Band-pass filter order (Default 2)
MAX_INPUT_OFFSET	Maxmimum input offset from microphone (Default 0.)
MAX_LNA_OFFSET	Maxmimum low-noise amplifier offset in mV (Default 5mV)
MAX_BPF_OFFSET	Maxmum band-pass filter offset in mV (Default 5mV)
DISTORTION	Distortion parameter (0..1) Default 0.1
BPF_FC_SHIFT	Centre frequency band-pass filter shift in % (Default -5%)
Q_MIS_MATCH	Mismatch in Q in % (Default 10%)
FC_MIS_MATCH	Mismatch in centre freq.
THR_UP	Threshold for delta modulation in V (0.1--0.8) (Default 0.5V)
LEAKAGE	1nA
DIGITAL_COUNTER	Digital counter factor to reduce output spikes by.
F_CORNER_HIGHPASS	High pass corner frequency due to AC Coupling from BPF to FWR in Hz.
lna_gain_db	Low-noise amplifer gain in dB (Default 0.)
lna_offset	Mismatch offset in low-noise amplifier
bpf_offset	Mismatch offset in band-pass filters
Q_mismatch	Mismatch in Q over band-pass filters
fc_mismatch	Mismatch in centre frequency for band-pass filters
fcs	Centre frequency of each band-pass filter in Hz
bws	Bandwidths of each filter in Hz
manual_scaling	Manual scaling of low-noise amplifier gain.
add_noise	Flag indicating that noise should be simulated during operation.
lif_state	(np.ndarray) Internal state of the LIF neurons used to generate events

Methods overview

__init__([shape, Q, fc1, f_factor, thr_up, ...])	param Q Quality factor (sharpness of filters). Default: 5
as_graph()	Convert this module to a computational graph
attributes_named(name)	Search for attributes of this or submodules by time
evolve([input, record])	Evolve the state of this module over input data
modules()	Return a dictionary of all sub-modules of this module
parameters([family])	Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule Parameters
reset_parameters()	Reset all parameters in this module
reset_state()	Reset the state of this module
set_attributes(new_attributes)	Set the attributes and sub-module attributes from a dictionary
simulation_parameters([family])	Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule SimulationParameters
state([family])	Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule States
timed([output_num, dt, add_events])	Convert this module to a TimedModule

BPF_FC_SHIFT: P_float

Centre frequency band-pass filter shift in % (Default -5%)

Type

float

C_IAF: P_float

Integrator Capacitance for IAF (Default 5e-12)

Type

float

DIGITAL_COUNTER: P_int

Digital counter factor to reduce output spikes by. Default 1 (no reduction)

Type

int

DISTORTION: P_float

Distortion parameter (0..1) Default 0.1

Type

float

FC1: P_float

Centre frequnecy of first filter, in Hz.

Type

float

FC_MIS_MATCH: P_float

Mismatch in centre freq. in % (Default 5%)

Type

float

F_CORNER_HIGHPASS: P_float

High pass corner frequency due to AC Coupling from BPF to FWR in Hz. (Default 100Hz)

Type

float

Fs: P_float

Sample frequency of input data

Type

float

INPUT_AMP_MAX: P_float

Maximum input amplitude from the microphone in Volts (Default 320mV)

Type

float

LEAKAGE: P_float

1nA

Type

float

Type

Leakage for LIF neuron in nA. Default

MAX_BPF_OFFSET: P_float

Maxmum band-pass filter offset in mV (Default 5mV)

Type

float

MAX_INPUT_OFFSET: P_float

Maxmimum input offset from microphone (Default 0.)

Type

float

MAX_LNA_OFFSET: P_float

Maxmimum low-noise amplifier offset in mV (Default 5mV)

Type

float

ORDER_BPF: P_int

Band-pass filter order (Default 2)

Type

int

Q: P_int

Quality parameter for band-pass filters

Type

int

Q_MIS_MATCH: P_float

Mismatch in Q in % (Default 10%)

Type

float

Q_mismatch: P_array

Mismatch in Q over band-pass filters

Type

float

THR_UP: P_float

Threshold for delta modulation in V (0.1–0.8) (Default 0.5V)

Type

float

_HP_filt

High-pass filter on input

__init__(shape: Union[tuple, int] = (1, 16), Q: int = 5, fc1: float = 100.0, f_factor: float = 1.325, thr_up: float = 0.5, leakage: float = 1.0, digital_counter: int = 1, LNA_gain: float = 0.0, fs: int = 48000, manual_scaling: Optional[float] = None, add_noise: bool = True, seed: int = 3741053397, num_workers: int = 1, *args, **kwargs)

Parameters

• Q (int) – Quality factor (sharpness of filters). Default: 5

• fc1 (float) – Center frequency of the first band-pass filter, in Hz. Default: 100Hz

• f_factor (float) – Logarithmic distribution of the center frequencies is based on f_factor. Default: 1.325

• thr_up (float) – Spiking threshold for spike conversion. Default: 0.5

• leakage (float) – Leakage for spike conversion, in nA. Default: 1.0

• counter (digital) – Digital counter for spike conversion - lets only every nth spike pass. Default: 1 (let every spike pass)

• LNA_gain (float) – Gain of the first stage low-noise amplifier, in dB. Default: 0.

• fs (int) – Sampling frequency of the input data, in Hz. Default: 16kHz. Note that the AFE contains frequency tripling, so the maximum representable frequency is ``fs/6``.

• shape (int) – Number of filters / output channels. Default: (16,)

• manual_scaling (float) – Disables automatic scaling from the LNA and instead scales the input by this factor. Default: None (Automatic scaling)

• add_noise (bool) – Enables / disables the simulated noise generated be the AFE. Default: True, include noise

• seed (int) – The AFE is subject to mismatch, this can be seeded by providing an integer seed. Default: random seed. Provide None to prevent seeding.

_abc_impl = <_abc_data object>

_auto_batch(data: numpy.ndarray, states: Tuple = (), target_shapes: Optional[Tuple] = None) → Tuple[numpy.ndarray, Tuple[numpy.ndarray]]

Automatically replicate states over batches and verify input dimensions

Examples

>>> data, (state0, state1, state2) = self._auto_batch(data, (self.state0, self.state1, self.state2))

This will verify that data has the correct final dimension (i.e. self.size_in).

If data has only two dimensions (T, Nin), then it will be augmented to (1, T, Nin). The individual states will be replicated out from shape (a, b, c, ...) to (n_batches, a, b, c, ...) and returned.

If data has only a single dimension (T,), it will be expanded to (1, T, self.size_in).

state0, state1, state2 will be replicated out along the batch dimension.

>>> data, (state0,) = self._auto_batch(data, (self.state0,), ((10, -1, self.size_in),))

Attempt to replicate state0 to a specified size (10, -1, self.size_in).

Parameters

• data (np.ndarray) – Input data tensor. Either (batches, T, Nin) or (T, Nin)

• states (Tuple) – Tuple of state variables. Each will be replicated out over batches by prepending a batch dimension

• target_shapes (Tuple) – A tuple of target size tuples, each corresponding to each state argument. The individual states will be replicated out to match the corresponding target sizes. If not provided (the default), then states will be only replicated along batches.

Returns

(np.ndarray, Tuple[np.ndarray]) data, states

_butter_bandpass(lowcut: float, highcut: float, fs: float, order: int = 2) → Tuple[float, float]

Build a Butterworth bandpass filter from specification

Parameters

• lowcut (float) – Low-cut frequency in Hz

• highcut (float) – High-cut frequency in Hz

• fs (float) – Sampling frequecy in Hz

• order (int) – Order of the filter

Returns: (float, float): b, a

Parameters for the bandpass filter

_butter_bandpass_filter(data: numpy.ndarray, lowcut: float, highcut: float, fs: float, order: int = 2) → numpy.ndarray

Filter data with a bandpass Butterworth filter, according to specifications

Parameters

• data (np.ndarray) – Input data with shape (T, N)

• lowcut (float) – Low-cut frequency in Hz

• highcut (float) – High-cut frequency in Hz

• fs (float) – Sampling frequency in Hz

• order (int) – Order of the filter

Returns: np.ndarray: Filtered data with shape (T, N)

_butter_highpass(cutoff: float, fs: float, order: int = 1) → Tuple[float, float]

Build a Butterworth high-pass filter from specifications

Parameters

• cutoff (float) – High-pass cutoff frequency in Hz

• fs (float) – Sampling rate in Hz

• order (int) – Order of the filter

Returns: (float, float): b, a

Parameters for the high-pass filter

_butter_highpass_filter(data: numpy.ndarray, cutoff: float, fs: float, order: int = 1) → numpy.ndarray

Filter some data with a Butterworth high-pass filter from specifications

Parameters

• data (np.ndarray) – Array of input data to filter, with shape (T, N)

• cutoff (float) – Cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter, in Hz

• fs (float) – Sampling frequency of data, in Hz

• order (int) – Order of the Butterwoth filter

Returns: np.ndarray: Filtered output data with shape (T, N)

_force_set_attributes

(bool) If True, do not sanity-check attributes when setting.

_generateNoise(T, Fs: float = 16000.0, VRMS_SQHZ: float = 1e-06, F_KNEE: float = 1000.0, F_ALPHA: float = 1.4) → numpy.ndarray

Generate band-limited noise, for use in simulating the AFE architecture

Parameters

• x (np.ndarray) – Input signal defining desired shape of noise (T,)

• Fs (float) – Sampling frequency in Hz

• VRMS_SQHZ (float) –

• F_KNEE (float) –

• F_ALPHA (float) –

Returns: np.ndarray: Generated noise with shape (T,)

_get_attribute_family(type_name: str, family: Optional[Union[Tuple, List, str]] = None) → dict

Search for attributes of this module and submodules that match a given family

This method can be used to conveniently get all weights for a network; or all time constants; or any other family of parameters. Parameter families are defined simply by a string: "weights" for weights; "taus" for time constants, etc. These strings are arbitrary, but if you follow the conventions then future developers will thank you (that includes you in six month’s time).

Parameters

• type_name (str) – The class of parameters to search for. Must be one of ["Parameter", "SimulationParameter", "State"] or another future subclass of ParameterBase

• family (Union[str, Tuple[str]]) – A string or list or tuple of strings, that define one or more attribute families to search for

Returns

A nested dictionary of attributes that match the provided type_name and family

Return type

dict

_get_attribute_registry() → Tuple[Dict, Dict]

Return or initialise the attribute registry for this module

Returns

registered_attributes, registered_modules

Return type

(tuple)

_has_registered_attribute(name: str) → bool

Check if the module has a registered attribute

Parameters

name (str) – The name of the attribute to check

Returns

True if the attribute name is in the attribute registry, False otherwise.

Return type

bool

_in_Module_init

(bool) If exists and True, indicates that the module is in the __init__ chain.

_last_input

(np.ndarray) The last chunk of input, to avoid artefacts at the beginning of an input chunk

_name: Optional[str]

Name of this module, if assigned

_register_attribute(name: str, val: rockpool.parameters.ParameterBase)

Record an attribute in the attribute registry

Parameters

• name (str) – The name of the attribute to register

• val (ParameterBase) – The ParameterBase subclass object to register. e.g. Parameter, SimulationParameter or State.

_register_module(name: str, mod: rockpool.nn.modules.module.ModuleBase)

Register a sub-module in the module registry

Parameters

• name (str) – The name of the module to register

• mod (ModuleBase) – The ModuleBase object to register

_reset_attribute(name: str) → rockpool.nn.modules.module.ModuleBase

Reset an attribute to its initialisation value

Parameters

name (str) – The name of the attribute to reset

Returns

For compatibility with the functional API

Return type

self (Module)

_sampling_signal(spikes: numpy.ndarray, count: int) → numpy.ndarray

Down-sample events in a signal, by passing one in every N events

Parameters

• spikes (np.ndarray) – Raster (T, N) of events

• count (int) – Number of events to ignore before passing one event

Returns: np.ndarray: Raster (T, N) of down-sampled events

_shape

The shape of this module

_spiking_input: bool

Whether this module receives spiking input

_spiking_output: bool

Whether this module produces spiking output

_submodulenames: List[str]

Registry of sub-module names

_wrap_recorded_state(state_dict: dict, t_start: float = 0.0) → dict

Convert a recorded dictionary to a TimeSeries representation

This method is optional, and is provided to make the timed() conversion to a TimedModule work better. You should override this method in your custom Module, to wrap each element of your recorded state dictionary as a TimeSeries

Parameters

• state_dict (dict) – A recorded state dictionary as returned by evolve()

• t_start (float) – The initial time of the recorded state, to use as the starting point of the time series

Returns

The mapped recorded state dictionary, wrapped as TimeSeries objects

Return type

Dict[str, TimeSeries]

add_noise: Union[bool, ParameterBase]

Flag indicating that noise should be simulated during operation. Default True

Type

bool

as_graph() → rockpool.graph.graph_base.GraphModuleBase

Convert this module to a computational graph

Returns

The computational graph corresponding to this module

Return type

GraphModuleBase

Raises

NotImplementedError – If as_graph() is not implemented for this subclass

attributes_named(name: Union[Tuple[str], List[str], str]) → dict

Search for attributes of this or submodules by time

Parameters

name (Union[str, Tuple[str]) – The name of the attribute to search for

Returns

A nested dictionary of attributes that match name

Return type

dict

bpf_offset: P_array

Mismatch offset in band-pass filters

Type

float

bws: P_array

Bandwidths of each filter in Hz

Type

np.ndarray

property class_name: str

Class name of self

Type

str

property dt: float

Simulation time-step in seconds

Returns

Simulation time-step

Return type

float

evolve(input: Optional[numpy.ndarray] = None, record: bool = False, *args, **kwargs)

Evolve the state of this module over input data

NOTE: THIS MODULE CLASS DOES NOT PROVIDE DOCUMENTATION FOR ITS EVOLVE METHOD. PLEASE UPDATE THE DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS MODULE.

Parameters

• input_data – The input data with shape (T, size_in) to evolve with

• record (bool) – If True, the module should record internal state during evolution and return the record. If False, no recording is required. Default: False.

Returns

(output, new_state, record)

output (np.ndarray): The output response of this module with shape (T, size_out) new_state (dict): A dictionary containing the updated state of this and all submodules after evolution record (dict): A dictionary containing recorded state of this and all submodules, if requested using the record argument

Return type

tuple

f_factor: P_float

Centre-frequency scale-up factor per channel.

Centre freq. F1 = FC1 Centre freq. F2 = FC1 * f_factor Centre freq. F3 = FC1 * f_factor**2 …

Type

float

fc_mismatch: P_array

Mismatch in centre frequency for band-pass filters

Type

float

fcs: P_array

Centre frequency of each band-pass filter in Hz

Type

np.ndarray

property full_name: str

The full name of this module (class plus module name)

Type

str

lif_state: Union[np.ndarray, State]

(np.ndarray) Internal state of the LIF neurons used to generate events

lna_gain_db: P_float

Low-noise amplifer gain in dB (Default 0.)

Type

float

lna_offset: P_float

Mismatch offset in low-noise amplifier

Type

float

manual_scaling: P_float

Manual scaling of low-noise amplifier gain. Default None (use automatic scaling)

Type

float

modules() → Dict

Return a dictionary of all sub-modules of this module

Returns

A dictionary containing all sub-modules. Each item will be named with the sub-module name.

Return type

dict

property name: str

The name of this module, or an empty string if None

Type

str

parameters(family: Optional[Union[Tuple, List, str]] = None) → Dict

Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule Parameters

Use this method to inspect the Parameters from this and all submodules. The optional argument family allows you to search for Parameters in a particular family — for example "weights" for all weights of this module and nested submodules.

Although the family argument is an arbitrary string, reasonable choises are "weights", "taus" for time constants, "biases" for biases…

Examples

Obtain a dictionary of all Parameters for this module (including submodules):

>>> mod.parameters()
dict{ ... }

Obtain a dictionary of Parameters from a particular family:

>>> mod.parameters("weights")
dict{ ... }

Parameters

family (str) – The family of Parameters to search for. Default: None; return all parameters.

Returns

A nested dictionary of Parameters of this module and all submodules

Return type

dict

reset_parameters()

Reset all parameters in this module

Returns

The updated module is returned for compatibility with the functional API

Return type

Module

reset_state() → rockpool.nn.modules.module.ModuleBase

Reset the state of this module

Returns

The updated module is returned for compatibility with the functional API

Return type

Module

set_attributes(new_attributes: dict) → rockpool.nn.modules.module.ModuleBase

Set the attributes and sub-module attributes from a dictionary

This method can be used with the dictionary returned from module evolution to set the new state of the module. It can also be used to set multiple parameters of a module and submodules.

Examples

Use the functional API to evolve, obtain new states, and set those states:

>>> _, new_state, _ = mod(input)
>>> mod = mod.set_attributes(new_state)

Obtain a parameter dictionary, modify it, then set the parameters back:

>>> params = mod.parameters()
>>> params['w_input'] *= 0.
>>> mod.set_attributes(params)

Parameters

new_attributes (dict) – A nested dictionary containing parameters of this module and sub-modules.

property shape: tuple

The shape of this module

Type

tuple

simulation_parameters(family: Optional[Union[Tuple, List, str]] = None) → Dict

Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule SimulationParameters

Use this method to inspect the SimulationParameters from this and all submodules. The optional argument family allows you to search for SimulationParameters in a particular family.

Examples

Obtain a dictionary of all SimulationParameters for this module (including submodules):

>>> mod.simulation_parameters()
dict{ ... }

Parameters

family (str) – The family of SimulationParameters to search for. Default: None; return all SimulationParameter attributes.

Returns

A nested dictionary of SimulationParameters of this module and all submodules

Return type

dict

property size: int

(DEPRECATED) The output size of this module

Type

int

property size_in: int

The input size of this module

Type

int

property size_out: int

The output size of this module

Type

int

property spiking_input: bool

If True, this module receives spiking input. If False, this module expects continuous input.

Type

bool

property spiking_output

If True, this module sends spiking output. If False, this module sends continuous output.

Type

bool

state(family: Optional[Union[Tuple, List, str]] = None) → Dict

Return a nested dictionary of module and submodule States

Use this method to inspect the States from this and all submodules. The optional argument family allows you to search for States in a particular family.

Examples

Obtain a dictionary of all States for this module (including submodules):

>>> mod.state()
dict{ ... }

Parameters

family (str) – The family of States to search for. Default: None; return all State attributes.

Returns

A nested dictionary of States of this module and all submodules

Return type

dict

timed(output_num: int = 0, dt: Optional[float] = None, add_events: bool = False)

Convert this module to a TimedModule

Parameters

• output_num (int) – Specify which output of the module to take, if the module returns multiple output series. Default: 0, take the first (or only) output.

• dt (float) – Used to provide a time-step for this module, if the module does not already have one. If self already defines a time-step, then self.dt will be used. Default: None

• add_events (bool) – Iff True, the TimedModule will add events occurring on a single timestep on input and output. Default: False, don’t add time steps.

Returns: TimedModule: A timed module that wraps this module